Tagalog Language

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‍The Filipino Alphabet (Ang alpabetong Pilipino)

-has three known systems of language or writing: Baybayin, Abakada, and the Modern Filipino Alphabet

Baybayin: the writing system Filipinos used before the colonial eras. The Tagalog root word “baybay” means “spell”. Some of the rules may include adding a “kudlit” which could be a dot or dash above a character when going from “e to i” sound while below when going from “o to u” sound. A cross mark is also written at the bottom to omit the vowel sound.

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Abakada: it was introduced by Lope K. Santos in the 1930s which consisted of 5 vowels or patinig and 15 consonants or katinig. 8 letters were excluded in this system from the Spanish alphabet: c, f, j, ñ, q, v, x, z

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A=ah

B=ba

K=ka

D=da

E=eh

g=ga

h=ha

i=ih

l=la

m=ma

n=na

ng=nga

o=oh

p=pa

r=ra

s=sa

t=ta

u=uh

w=wa

y=ya

The Modern Filipino Alphabet ( Ang Makabagong Alpabetong Pilipino): the main and current writing and language system in the Philippines. It adapts to the ISO basic Latin alphabet and also includes the”ñ” and “ng” from the Spanish alphabet which has a total of 28 letters. In 1986 under the Aquino presidency they officialized the implementation of this system, mainly in education.

Ñn

Ngng

Numbers (A) (Mga numero)

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Isa-1

labing-isa-11

Dalawampu't isa-21

Tatlumpu't isa-31

Apatnapu’t isa-41

dalawa-2

labindalawa-12

Dalawampu't dalawa-22

Tatlumpu't dalawa-32

Apatnapu’t dalawa-42

tatlo-3

labintatlo-13

Dalawampu't tatlo-23

Tatlumpu't tatlo-33

Apatnapu’t tatlo-43

apat-4

labing-apat-14

Dalawampu't apat-24

Tatlumpu't apat-34

Apatnapu’t apat-44

lima-5

labinlima-15

Dalawampu't lima-25

Tatlumpu't lima-35

Apatnapu’t lima-45

anim-6

labing-anim-16

Dalawampu't anim-26

Tatlumpu't anim-36

Apatnapu’t anim-46

pito-7

labimpito-17

Dalawampu't pito-27

Tatlumpu't pito-37

Apatnapu’t pito-47

walo-8

labinwalo/labingwalo-18

Dalawampu't walo-28

Tatlumpu't walo-38

Apatnapu’t walo-48

siyam-9

labinsiyam-19

Dalawampu't siyam-29

Tatlumpu't siyam-39

Apatnapu’t siyam-49

sampu-10

dalawampu-20

tatlumpu-30

apatnapu-40

limampu-50

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-For the rest of multiples of ten from 60 to 90, the pattern goes the same way where you combine a certain multiple of ten (like 20-dalawampu, 30-tatlumpu, and so on) and a single digit number or the “ones”. The apostrophe “t” is a contraction or shortened word for “at” in Tagalog which means “and” in English.

-For the multiples of 100 (100, 200, 300…), you take the “ones”, add “ng” at the end of the word and insert “daan”. For example, 100 is “isang daan”, 200 is dalawang daan.

-When out of the multiples of 100, you apply the rule stated above, add “at” and the “ones” digit. For example, 305 is “tatlong daan at lima”

Numbers (B) (Ordinal numbers)

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Una-first (1st)

pang labing isa-eleventh (11th)

Pang Dalawampu’t isa-twenty first (21st)

Pang tatlumpu’t isa- thirsty first (31st)

Pang apatnapu’t isa- forty first (41st)

Pangalawa-second (2nd)

Pang labing dalawa-twelfth (12th)

Pang Dalawampu’t dalawa-twenty second (22th)

Pang tatlumpu’t dalawa-thirty second (32nd)

Pang apatnapu’t dalawa- forty second (42nd)

Pangatlo-third (3rd)

Pang labing tatlo-thirteenth (13th)

Pang Dalawampu’t tatlo-twenty third (23rd)

Pang tatlumpu’t tatlo- thirty third (33rd)

Pang apatnapu’t tatlo-forty third (43rd)

pang apat-fourth (4th)

Pang labing-apat-fourteenth (14th)

Pang Dalawampu't apat-twenty fourth (24th)

Pang Tatlumpu't apat- thirty fourth (34th)

Apatnapu’t apat-forty fourth (44th)

Panglima-fifth (5th)

Pang labinlima-fifteenth (15th)

Pang Dalawampu't lima-twenty fifth (25th)

Pang Tatlumpu't lima- thirty fifth (35th)

Apatnapu’t lima-forty fifth (45th)

Pang anim-sixth (6th)

Pang labing-anim-sixteenth (16th)

Pang Dalawampu't anim-twenty sixth (26th)

Pang Tatlumpu't anim-thirty sixth (36th)

Apatnapu’t anim- forty sixth (46th)

pang pito-seventh (7th)

Pang labimpito-seventeenth (17th)

Pang Dalawampu't pito-twenty seventh (27th)

Pang Tatlumpu't pito- thirty seventh (37th)

Apatnapu’t pito- forty seventh (47th)

Pang walo-eighth (8th)

Pang labinwalo/labing walo-eighteenth (18th)

Pang Dalawampu't walo-twenty eighth (28th)

Pang Tatlumpu't walo-thirty eighth (38th)

Apatnapu’t walo-forty eighth (48th)

Pang siyam-ninth (9th)

Pang labinsiyam-nineteenth (19th)

Pang Dalawampu't siyam-twentyninth (29th)

Pang Tatlumpu't siyam-thirty ninth (39th)

Apatnapu’t siyam-forty ninth (49th)

Pang sampu-tenth (10th)

Dalawampu-twentieth (20th)

Pang tatlumpu-thirtieth

Pang apatnapu-fortieth (40th)

Limampu-fiftieth (50th)

-adding “pang” to every numerical would make it an ordinal number

Time (oras)

Part 1 (Unang Parte)

Ala una=1 o'clock

Alas singko= 5 o’clock

Alas nuwebe/nwebe=9 o’clock

__y medya= half an hour

Alas dos=2 o’clock

Alas sais=6 o’clock

Alas diyes/dyes=10 o’clock

__y kinse =quarter of an hour

Alas tres=3 o’clock

Alas siyete/ syete=7 o’clock

Alas onse-11 o’clock

Alas cuatro=4 o’clock

Alas otso=8 o’clock

Alas dose= 12 o’clock

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Part 2 (Pangalawa Parte)-More formal

Ika-isa=1:00

Ika-lima=5:00

Ika-siyam=9:00

Ika-dalawa=2:00

Ika-anim=6:00

Ika-sampu=10:00

Ika-tatlo=3:00

Ika-pito=7:00

Ika-labing-isa=11:00

Ika-apat=4:00

Ika-walo=8:00

Ika-labing dalawa=12:00

-Usage: For example, “It’s 4:36 pm (in the afternoon)”=you would say the minutes first so you say 36 like how it’s in Tagalog in numerical, so “tatlumpu’t anim na minuto makalipas ang ika-apat ng hapon”

~When the number ends in a vowel you add “ng” at the end of the word before “minuto” while you insert “na” between the number and “minuto” when it ends in a consonant.

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Time Markers

Umaga=morning

Hating gabi=midnight

kanina=

Earlier (of this day)/a while ago

saka=later (undefined time)

sabay=happened at the same time

Tanghali=noon

Madaling araw=middle of the night

Kanina lang=just a while ago

bukas=tomorrow

Sandali lang/saglit lang=just a moment

Hapon=afternoon

tuwing=every

Kaninang umaga=this morning

makalawa= the day after tomorrow

sandali/saglit=a moment

Gabi=evening

segundo=second

ngayon=now

noon=then

habang=while

dapit-hapon/ takip-silim/agaw-dilim/paglubog ng araw=sunset

kahapon=yesterday

mamaya=later (within the day)

sa=in/on future

makalipas=later on

Pagsikat ng araw=sunrise

bago=before

pagkatapos=after/then

noong=on/when past

pagkakataon/punto=Point in time/moment

Tagalog Phrases to Use When Asking Questions:

“5 W’s & 1 H”

-Ano?=What?

-Bakit?=Why?

-Kailan?=When?

-Saan?=Where?

-Sino?=Who?

-Paano?=How?

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Anong oras na?=What time is it?

Ilang taon kana?=How old are you?

Ano iyon?=What is it?

Anong meron?=What’s up

Taga saan ka?=Where are you from

Saan ka nakatira?=Where do you live?

Anong pangalan mo?=What’s your name?

Sino iyan?=Who is that?

Anong klase?= What kind?

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Greetings/Basic conversation

Kumusta (formal) or Kamusta=Hi/Hello
Magandang umaga=Good morning
Magandang hapon/tanghali=Good afternoon
Magandang gabi=Good evening/Good night
Kumusta/Kamusta (ka)?=How are you?
Salamat=Thank you
Maraming salamat=Thank you very much
Walang anuman=You’re welcome
Paalam=Goodbye
Paumanhin=Excuse me
Patawad (ako)=I’m sorry
Mabuti (ako/naman)=I’m fine
Maligayang pagbati/Binabati kita=congratulations
Ako si (pangalan)=I am (name)
Pakisuyo=Please
Oo=Yes
Hindi=No

Practice Conversation

A.) Person #1: Kumusta ka?

Person #2: Mabuti naman, salamat

B.) Person #1: Kamusta, anong pangalan mo?

Person #2: Kamusta (rin=too), ako si___

Pronouns (Panghalip)

Adjectives (Pang-uri)

Part 1 (Unang Parte)

-describes a noun

mabuti=good

mahirap=difficult

nakakatawa=funny

mababa=low

maliit=small

masaya=happy

maganda=beautiful

masama=bad

mataas=high

malambot=soft

malungkot=sad

mahina=weak

madali=easy

mahaba=long

matigas=hard

galit=angry

malakas=strong

marumi=dirty

maikli=short

makinis=smooth

nakakatakot=scary

pangit=ugly

malapit=near

malaki=big

magaspang=rough

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Articles: Ang/Ang mga/Si/Sina

Ang (singular)/Ang mga (plural)=both are used before a noun

a.) Ang (singular)=before a single noun

Ex. Ang aso ay malaki (The dog is big)

b.) Ang mga (plural)=before multiple objects or nouns

Ex.) Ang mga estudyante ay masipag (The students are industrious)

Si (singular)/Sina (plural)=use before a person’s or people’s name.

a.) Si (singular)=before a person’s name

Ex. Si Anna ay mabait (Anna is kind)

b.) Sina (plural)=before two or more names of people (the tagalog word “at” is normally added between two names=it means “and” in english)

Ex.) Sina Anna at Bea ay magkapatid (Anna and Bea are siblings)

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Prepositions (Pangukol)

Part 1 (Unang Parte)

sa/nasa:(among, in, into, on, onto, to, , through, at, from, for)

-may indicate location, time, or direction

a.) Location

Ex. Si Mark ay nasa bahay. (Mark is in the house.)

b.) Time

Ex. Ang aking kaarawan ay sa ika-dalawa ng Setyembre. (My birthday is on September 2)

c.) Direction

Ex. Pumunta ka sa tindahan (Go to the store)

Tungkol sa/kay:(about)

-we use “tungkol kay” when we talk about a specific person or a name.

Ex. Ang kanyang proyekto ay tungkol sa pagkakaibigan. (His/her project is about friendship)

Pagkatapos:(after)

Ex. Pagkatapos mong maligo, pupunta tayo ng simbahan. (After you take a shower, we will go to church.)

bago:(before/prior to)

Ex. Nagsisipilyo ako bago ako matulog. (I brush my teeth before I go to sleep)

Sa itaas:(above)

Ex. Ang bola ay nasa itaas ng aparador. (The ball is above the cabinet)

Sa ibaba:(below)

Ex. Sa ibaba ng numero, isulat mo ang iyong buong pangalan (Below the number, write your full name)

Malapit:(close/near)

Ex. Ang paaralan ay malapit sa aming bahay. (The school is close to our house)

Malayo:(far)

Ex. Ang tabing dagat ay sobrang malayo. (The beach is so/very far)

Directions

Part 1

1.)sa kabila ng kalye:(across the street)

2.)kaliwa:(left)

3.)kanan:(right)

4.)kumaliwa or liko sa kaliwa:(turn left)

5.)kumanan or liko sa kanan:(turn right)

6.)pataas:(up)

7.)pababa:(down)

8.)diretso (dee~re~cho):(straight/straight ahead)

9.)loob:(inside)

10.)labas:(outside)

11.)sunod:next

12.)previous:nakaraan

13.)magpatuloy:continue

14.)go back:balik

15.)balik:likod

16.)gilid:side

Part 2

1.)Hilaga/Norte:North

2.)Silangan:East

3.)Timog:South

4.)Kanluran:West

5.)Hilagang Silangan:North East

6.)Hilagang Kanluran:North West

7.)Timog Silangan: South East

8.)Timog Kanluran: South West

Colors (Mga Kulay)

pula-red
kahel-orange
dilaw-yellow
berde-green
asul-blue
violet/purple-lila
brown-kayumanggi
itim-black
pilak-silver

10.) ginto-gold

11.)abo-gray

12.)puti-white

13.)rosas-pink

Verbs (Pandiwa)

Part 1a: Root Verb- Examples (Halimbawa)

-hanap=search/find

-tanggap=receive

-kuha=take

-gamit=use

-gawa=do

-punta=go

-tawag=call

-sayaw=dance

-kanta=sing

-kita=see

-usap=talk

-sabi=say

-bigay=give

-sulat=write

-basa (baa-sa)=read

Part 2a: Affixes {Prefix, Infix, Suffix}-(Mga Panlapi)

“ma”=a prefix; when added, a root word or a noun becomes an adjective

Ex. a.)talino-matalino=smart, b.)tigas-matigas=hard, c.)saya-masaya=happy, d.)haba-mahaba=long e.)dumi-madumi=dirty

“pa”=when combined with a verb, it expresses when one requests or asks for something, politely; could be a contraction of “paki”

Ex. {“pwede”=indicates possibility or chances of being done or happening)

a.)pakuha: to ask someone to get or reach something for you

-Pakikuha yung damit ko (Could you/Please/Kindly get my clothes?)

b.)pasara: to ask someone to shut or close something

-Pwede pasara yung pintuan? (Could you close the door?)

“in”:

Used as a suffix for a verb, it asserts commands

Ex. a.)hanap=hanapin (Hanapin mo yung mga pagkain): :to direct someone to find (something or someone)=pagkain (food)

Used as an infix for a verb, it turns into a present form

~when the tagalog verb starts with a consonant, it usually is between the first consonant and the vowel

~when the tagalog verb starts with a vowel, it becomes a prefix

Ex. a.)sulat=sinusulat (consonant; suffix)

b.)isip=iniisip

“an”

-when used as a suffix of a noun, it turns the word into a designated place or area that relates to the noun.

Ex. a.)gulay (vegetable)=gulayan (vegetable farm)

b.)mais (corn)=maisan (corn field)

“Mag”=various usages

-can be used as a prefix with nouns to show relationships

Ex. a.)kaklase (classmate)=magkaklase (classmates)

b.)katrabaho (co-worker)=magkatrabaho (co-workers)

c.)kaibigan (friend)=magkaibigan (friends)

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More Vocabs:Animals (A)

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aso=dog

bubuyog=bee

kabayo=horse

unggoy=monkey

balyena=whale

pusa=cat

ipis=cockroach

baboy=pig

tupa=sheep

uod=worm

palaka=frog

kuneho=rabbit

hito=catfish

gagamba=spider

oso=bear

tutubi=dragonfly

leon=lion

isda=fish

ahas=snake

kalapati=dove

baka=cow

tigre=tiger

pating=shark

pagong=turtle

buwaya=crocodile

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Telling Likes (wants) or Dislikes

1.) “Gusto”=is expressed to say likes or wants; usually followed by a pronoun

Ex. Gusto ko ng pagkain (I want food)

2a.) “Hindi___gusto”=expressing disapproval; “hindi”=no, and normally, a pronoun is inserted in between “hindi” and gusto indicating a “no,no”

Ex. Hindi nila gusto ang bahay (They don’t like the house)

2b.) “Ayaw __”=this can also be used to express dislikes, not wanting to do something or rejection

Ex. Ayaw ko ng mga gagamba (I don’t like spiders)

Expressions Used to Show Politeness

- “po”and “opo”: are mainly used to show respect, especially to elders.

a.) “po”=in most cases , it’s added to the end of every sentence

Ex. Magandang tanghali po (Good afternoon): po, it usually doesn’t translate to anything in another language

b.) “opo”=it’s a more polite way to use instead of “oo” when saying “yes”

Ex.

Person 1:Maganda ba? (Is it beautiful?)

Person 2: Opo (Yes)

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